Bay Area Cowboys and Cowgirls Association
Scroll under all the models to view the script, text and other menu items on the left.
Cowgirl Up
Mitzi
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
December 2022
Emelia
August, September. November.
2022
The One and Only
Cassandra
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
July 2022
Stella
One of the Realist Cowgirls in the Bay
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
June 2022
Kathy
Representing all of us and all of you!
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
May 2022
Nancy
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl April 2022
Amanda
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl March 2022
Mikaila
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl February 2022
Ahhh yeah! We definately have one of my top five finalists here. it's not on me. Gotta vote on it. Just sayin folks!
Bad and boogie!
CowboyUp
Josie Rose
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
January 2022
Definately in my top five!
Mr. Georg "Paris" Cartier
ANNIE
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
November-December
2021
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl October 2021
Katherine
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
September
2021
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
August 2021
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
May 2021
KIMBERLY
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
April 2021
Mary
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl January/February 2021
Clarissa
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
December 2020
November 2020
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
October 2020
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
September 2020
Miss bay area cowgirl august 2020
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
July 2020
Miss Bay Area Cowgirl
November-December
2021
BAY AREA COWBOYS AND COWGIRLS.COM your new Pai-Pa Boy
402 Banning Way
Vallejo, CA 94591
United States
bayareac
Introduction to Cowboy History
July 9th. 2011
Cowboys and Cowgirls are men and women who traveled miles and miles over rough terrain, mountains, survived vicious attacks by wild animals, civil wars, Indian wars, horse thieves, cattle thieves, thunderstorms, broken hearts and broken bones transporting and moving cattle and horses all over the United States who settled the lands and productively began what is known today as the Equestrian World- Horsemen and women.
It is important for us to know that the word Cowboy or cowhand probably came from Texas after being handed down by the Portuguese settlers.
Although some of these stats are ever changing I would say that the oldest community in Texas is now part of El Paso. It was established in 1868.
There are a lot African Americans in Texas to date due to European settlers, the slave trade and normal modern migration.
Somewhere around 1863 (The Freedom of Slavery era), the Emancipation Proclamation, African Americans and American Indians ended up in Texas, which is North of Mexico.
As the Texas population expanded the settlers demanded protection from the U.S. government.
Regiments of African American and other race were marched in. These soldiers fought a many battle with native Indians. It was these Indian adversaries who gave the soldiers the name Buffalo Soldiers.
These soldiers considered that a high honor and carried the name with pride.
History also notes that African Americans were not made aware of this freedom until around 1865.
The original name Texas came from an Indian tribe called the Caddo. They called each other tayshas which means friend.
And when the Spanish explores came to their land with many things to trade and barter they also called them tayshas or friend.
The Spanish in turn called this land in Spanish Tejas which when translated into the English language is now called Texas.
The term Mexico was originally Mestizo derived from mestizaje which translate into the English language as meaning- Interracial marriage.
Mestizos who adopted Spanish ways could be admitted colonial identities and social practices, however injustice did still exist. Spain having colonized California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas in the early 1800s.
Soon after Spains splitting of the colonies came Mexico, South America and Central America.
After its, independence from Spain, Mexico-The New Republic- including all of what is Mexico today and quite a bit more was overtaken by the United States in 1846.
The first Gauchos were Mestizo, that is Spanish, Native American, and African descent.
The Gaucho men were notorious for their bowlegged walk and expertise as skilled horsemen and thus came the traditional western wear that we see as similar in design today.
They have their waist belts with fancy buckles-the Rasta was adorned with coins and such providing back support for the long travels taken on by the horsemen.
The complete outfit included a facun (knife), more like what is now days called the Machete and a handkerchief, a set of spurs, a saddle pad which doubled as a blanket at night, a saddle, a gun, a hat more likely a Sombrero and a poncho.
Much like what todays Cowboys where.
Todays riders wear shirts, blue jeans, and a cowboy hat.
Cowboy boots are designed to prevent the rider's foot from slipping through the stirrup.
A rider may wear protective leather leggings called chaps. The above mentioned work clothing is the usual outfit seen in rodeo, cutting and reining competitions.
Todays Vaqueros saddles, bits and bridles are ornamented with substantial amounts of silver called Conchos. Mexicans were a good source of building power to empower the states. The Vaqueros were some of the first to teach the Negroes how to ride and break horses.
They are continuous in the fields and worked right alongside of many cowhands as cowboys. They are also included in the rail ways, such as lying tracks and cooking just as well as the Blacks and Whites and Asians.
Today Mexico is its own state; however the Mexican American still struggles, just like most other minorities for equal rights and justification for two Civil wars.
In recent years, Mexico's drug cartels have waged increasingly violent battles with one another as well as with the Mexican government.
Upon taking office in December 2006, Mexican President Felipe Calderon deployed thousands of federal troops in an aggressive crackdown on drug-related violence. Yet death tolls continue to rise.
There were more than 2,500 drug-related deaths in 2007, and the yearly toll rose to more than 4,000 by the end of 2008. Murders and street gun battles are only part of a more entrenched problem that includes corrupt police forces and a lackluster judiciary.
Experts say recent police and judicial reforms are a step in the right direction, but such reforms will take time to implement. Meanwhile, increased and sustained cooperation from the United States is seen as necessary to stem drug-related violence.
About 90 percent of the cocaine that enters the United States is trafficked through Mexico, according to the State Department's 2008 International Narcotics Control Strategy Report. Mexico's extensive cocaine trade is controlled by cartels based in border areas and along the southeast coast.
Three groups--the Sinaloa Cartel, the Gulf Cartel, and the Tijuana Cartel--have waged an increasingly violent turf war over key trafficking routes and "plazas," or border crossing areas.
Violence reached acute levels in 2006 and has only worsened since then; decapitations became common and cartels began disseminating videos documenting gruesome deaths-"narco messages"-to threaten rival cartels and government officials.
While initially the majority of violence was between cartel members, in the past two years, police officers, journalists, and politicians have become frequent targets of drug killings. In May 2008, for instance, Mexico's acting federal police chief was killed in a drug hit.
In December 2006, Calderon deployed roughly thirty-six thousand troops to work with the federal police in nine states, including Michoacan, Guerrero, and the so-called Golden Triangle of Sinaloa, Durango, and Chihuahua. These troops eradicate crops, gather intelligence, conduct raids, interrogate suspects, and seize contraband.
Prior to Calderon, Presidents Ernesto Zedillo and Vicente Fox also involved the military in combating drug traffickers. These initiatives "succeeded in generating a temporary sense of improved citizen security," writes Maureen Meyer of the Washington Office on Latin America in a November 2007 briefing paper.
Some experts say Calderon didn't have any other good options for tackling the drug cartels. Police corruption is pervasive at the federal, state, and local levels, but the army is regarded as well-trained and disciplined. Furthermore, the Mexican public respects the military. "The military and the church are the two most respected institutions in Mexico," says David A. Shirk, director of the University of San Diego's Trans-Border Institute and editor of a recent book on judicial reform in Mexico.
Since the public outcry over a 1968 student protest that the army was sent in to suppress, the military has shored up its reputation by maintaining distance from the public. As a result, unlike in many Latin American countries, the military abstained from political involvement in the 1970s and 1980s.
Some analysts say that deploying the army to tackle drug violence has made it vulnerable to the same corruption infecting the police. "Given the weakness of the police system, involving the military was understandable," says Meyer. "But the police and the military aren't interchangeable bodies."
While the military offensive has captured public and media attention, the Mexican government is pursuing other counterdrug initiatives, including: Extraditions. In 2007, Mexico extradited eighty-three alleged criminals to the United States, included the head of the Gulf Cartel. This marks a significant increase over the sixty-three extraditions in 2006, according to the Congressional Research Service.
Eradication and interdiction. Mexico has intensified its efforts to eradicate marijuana, dismantle labs for making illegal methamphetamine, and interdict cocaine shipments. The International Narcotics Control Report notes, however, that overall marijuana and opium poppy eradication decreased in 2007, as aerial eradication responsibilities shifted from the attorney general's office to the military. In 2007, Mexico dismantled some twenty-six meth labs (up from ten in 2002).
Combining federal security forces. Calderon spearheaded a 2008 constitutional reform that will merge the Federal Preventive Police (PFP), a civil force under the public security ministry, and the Federal Agency of Investigation (AFI), currently part of the attorney general's office. AFI agents perform intelligence gathering, similar to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in the United States. The PFP is responsible for maintaining public order; it does not currently have investigative abilities.
Public security reforms. Calderon proposed a package of public security reforms (StratFor) to Mexico's Congress in September 2008, including the creation of a national criminal database and a department to oversee coordination among police forces and anti-corruption efforts.
Judicial reforms. In June 2008, Congress passed a series of constitutional reforms that overhaul criminal procedures in Mexico. The reforms include oral trials with public proceedings, sentencing based on the evidence presented during trial, and the creation of a group of judges that can rule quickly on requests for search warrants. Prior to these reforms, Mexico used a written trial procedure that could drag on for years. Shirk calls these reforms "very innovative" and says they have the potential to transform the rule of law in Mexico.
While there are some signs of progress, violence is still on the rise and high-level government officials are increasingly targeted. Analysts say that there used to be a de facto agreement between traffickers and the government that the traffickers would kill one another, and the government would stay out of the way.
Opinions vary as to the best way to tackle the long-term battle against drug trafficking, but experts agree the first step is purging widespread corruption in the police and judiciary. As this 2007 Global Integrity report documents, Mexico's judges are often intimidated when they try to prosecute drug cases. Police are compromised by the law of "plata o plomo," a choice between accepting bribes from a criminal organization or being killed, writes the Power and Interest News Report. There are more than 1,600 different municipal, state, and federal police forces in Mexico, most of which are governed by state or municipal authorities.
The Mexican government says the U.S. failure to curb drug demand limits its ability to crack down on drug trafficking. In 2007, President Calderon and President George W. Bush agreed to cooperate on counternarcotics efforts. Their meeting resulted in the Merida Initiative, a three-year, $1.5 billion plan to combat drug trafficking in Mexico and Central America. The initiative, which passed the U.S. Congress in June 2008, does little to address U.S. demand for drugs that transit Mexico.
It allocates $400 million in 2008 to purchase equipment such as helicopters; to expand Mexico's telecommunications infrastructure and its ability to monitor airspace; to strengthen existing programs to professionalize Mexico's police; and to provide advanced technologies to Mexican law enforcement agencies.
Of the 2008 funding, 41 percent is allocated to purchase helicopters and surveillance aircraft, writes Ray Walser of the Heritage Foundation. Prior to the passage of the Merida Initiative, Mexico received $40 million a year for anti-drug efforts from the United States (Colombia, by comparison, receives $600 million per year). Much of that went to information-sharing and training of Mexican law enforcement.
The United States views the Mexican government's efforts favorably. "The Calderon Administration's courage, initiative and success have exceeded all expectations," says the International Narcotics Control Strategy Report.
However, many experts believe the United States should be doing more to address its domestic demand for narcotics, as well as to provide training to Mexican law enforcement agencies. By the end of 2008, U.S.-Mexico counterdrug initiatives remained fragmented among federal, state, and local levels.
A 2008 CFR Latin America Task Force report recommends that the United States improve technical and financial assistance to Mexico's police forces, stressing that the Merida Initiative does not allocate sufficient funding to such assistance.
Some analysts also stress that the United States should be doing more to curb arms trafficking from the United States into Mexico. The gun laws in border states have a loophole allowing individuals to purchase weapons without a background check.
Asia, the most populous continent of the world, presents the most complex pattern of racial mixtures of the three racial stocks- Mongoloid, Caucasoid, and Negroid. Yellow, white and black races for countless centuries.
In almost every part of the world, they have been continuously dividing and subdividing into progressively smaller groups with mixed physical characteristics.
Some would say, there are even more subdivisions of mankind due to certain characteristics rather than traits.
Some believe the Caucasians were the original human race from which others diverged or degenerated. Semi civilized and less intelligent.
It has been long documented and noted on film and historically that Asians both Philippine and Chinese emigrants were living in the Americas during the 1800s through the 1900s as replacements for black slaves or merely just slaves themselves.
In almost every part of the world, we have been continuously dividing and subdividing into progressively smaller groups with mixed physical characteristics.
Some would say, there are even more subdivisions of mankind due to certain characteristics rather than traits.
Some believe the Caucasians were the original human race from whichothers diverged or degenerated, i.e, semi civilized and less intelligent. Such visions can best be countered by recognition of the terrible price that the Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese and other Asian and European nationality people have borne as a result of colonialism and aggressive wars, including those waged in the name of nationalistic purity and liberation of oppressed people. The purposes of commercial sexual exploitation and forced labor.
The Republic of the Philippines is located in the SW Pacific, in the Malay Archipelago off the SE Asia mainland. Manila, on Luzon, is the capital, the largest city, and the heart of the country. The Government of the Philippines is making significant progress in the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Philippines is primarily a country of origin for men, women, and children trafficked.
| |||||
Change is gonna come!!!!
It has been long documented and noted on film and historically that Asians both Philippine and Chinese emigrants were living in the Americas during the 1800s through the 1900s as replacements for black slaves or merely just slaves themselves.
Somalia is not the first of a piracy network. History shows possible takeovers of Asian fishing boats and Asian fisherman lured to the coast by the vast fishing industry. As well many ended up here by Spanish Galleons in which they deserted for obvious reasons.
Change is gonna come!!!!
Such visions can best be countered by recognition of the terrible price that Koreans, Japanese and Asian people have paid. Borne as a result of colonialism and aggressive wars, including those waged in the name of nationalistic purity and liberation of oppressed people.
In 1950, the United States beat back North Korea's invasion of South Korea, became embroiled in a Chinese-assisted guerrilla war, fought the Communists to a stalemate, and, in 1953, after suffering 54,000 combat deaths, negotiated a truce. Since then American troops: 40,000 of them are stationed at 95 installations across the Korean peninsula and have remained on guard at the world's most heavily armed border.
In 2003, the United States invaded Iraq, overthrew its regime and, in the years since, has kept about 150,000 troops in the country to kill terrorists to train the Iraqi army, which the Bush administration, , dismantled at the occupation's outset, and to keep a "low-grade" sectarian civil war from heating up.
In the half-century-plus since the Korean armistice of 1953, just 90 U.S. soldiers have been killed in isolated border clashes in Korea. In the mere four years since the toppling of Saddam Hussein in 2003, more than 4,000 American servicemen and women have been killed, and the number rises every day.
To sum it up, we intervened in South Korea as a response to an invasion and as part of a broad strategy to contain Communist aggression. We intervened in Iraq as the instigator of an invasion and as part of a broad strategy to expand unilateral American power. We remained in South Korea to protect a solid authoritarian government from another border incursion. We are remaining in Iraq to bolster a flimsy government and stave off a violent social implosion.
Consistent with the discourse of ethnic nationalism, I am carefully explaining the involvement of the U.S. as helping defend the territory of South Korea and emphasizing that the U.S. got involved only after the collapse of the crucial South Korean defense line at the Han River. The key message is that the U.S. (and later U.N. international forces) joined in only after South Korea had long sought to defend against invading North Korean forces.
Since 1990 both Japan and Korea have experienced commemoration booms, in which the number of private and public memorial museums and monuments has tripled. These institutions provide narratives of each nations recent past and articulate the ideals of nation and citizenship. They recompose tales of a nation in order to make them relevant for public and private life.
Like writing history, the museum collects and assembles fragments of the past and carefully re-contextualizes them into a narrative of the present. Precisely because of its role in institutionalizing social norms and values, the museum plays a crucial role in the production of national identity.
In Asia, the transformations of postCold War geopolitics have opened new possibilities for inter-Asian relations and inevitably led to a rigorous interrogation of the regions recent past. In the question of how to represent colonialism and catastrophic wars, war memorial museums based on the narrative of self-sacrificial death on behalf of a grateful nation have become among the most controversial sites.
Especially as the battles over the history within and between Korea and Japan have become more intense and divisive, war memorial museums demonstrate the tension between official and societal memories of the past, revealing conflicting yet mutually constitutive assumptions of postcolonial Korea, divided Korea, and postwar Japan.
While sharing much in common with other war museums, those in Korea and Japan led a life of their own according to particular temporal and geographical conditions. The painful lives of those who cared for their country piled up and up, protecting the land of Yamato.
The story then goes back thousands years ago, More than 2,600 years ago, an independent nation was formed on these islands.
Japans warriors fought bravely, defending their homes, their villages, and the nation.
In Japan, located in the shrine complex where conflicting memories meet, the Yshkan aims to nurture a sense of lost pride in being Japanese with a glorious history of war, posing a serious political question of how to come to terms with Japans recent past, colonialism, and wars.
Ethnic nationalism has been a key organizing principle in Korea, yet its historicity, eternity, and naturalness have not been seriously questioned.
The Korean War, however disastrous, is recast to highlight the resilience, idealism, and fulfillment of the Korean nation under the leadership of the South Korean state.
The U.S. is presented through images of Douglas MacArthur, rifles, aircraft and medical support, all to help South Koreans to defend, to launch a counter offensive and even to move north to capture the North Korean capital, Pyongyang. The museum depicts the success of this cooperation as an indication of the capacity of South Korea to work together with nations of the free world to fight communism.. The message is clear. The U.S. came here to aid, but South Koreans were the major actors at the scene.
The emphasis on the agency of the South Korean nation continues in the battle ground of Vietnam. In many ways, the section on Korean participation in the Vietnam War represents the psyche of the nation in overcoming the history of the Korean War.
It shows not only Korean leadership in fighting against communism, but also in bringing Vietnam to the civilized world of freedom something that South Korea would wish to do for North Korea in future.
In this sense, the panels on the Vietnam War tell us much about the psychic recovery and the post-Korean War syndrome of South Korea, which was expressed in Vietnam with a vengeance.
The sending of Korean troops to Vietnam (between 1965 and 1973) is thus represented as an act of a member of freedom crusaders for world peace and a chance to gain confidence and experience in building a more self-reliant defense force as well as a righteous mission to bring Vietnamese the democracy, freedom and peace that only become possible in the anti-communist state.
Both North Korea and Vietnam are represented as objects of the patronizing mission of guiding communists to the free world. Yet there is a fundamental difference in the museums portrayal of Vietnamese and North Koreans.
While the communist Vietnamese are portrayed as inhumane and barbaric perpetrators, the North Koreans are presented as dangerous communists yet brothers who have gone astray and pitifully left the family by adopting foreign communism.
The representation of Japanese colonialism in the WMK reveals another aspect of the political culture of postcolonial Korea. Despite the fact that modern Korea was profoundly affected by the colonial experience, the WMK virtually ignores Japanese colonialism.
North Korea has a particular significance as the most threatening but ethnically related other. Therefore, this otherness has to be reconciled but at the same time maintained as a political ground on which the South Korean state proclaims its legitimacy or at least superiority in terms of anti-communism, a dominant state ideology throughout the second half of the twentieth-century.
Anti-communist nationalism has lost its hegemonic position over the emerging discourse of peaceful unification as symbolized by the the summit meeting between the leaders of the two Koreas, Kim Jong Il and Kim Dae Jung, in 2000. The WMK nevertheless maintains a tone of anti-communism as an underlying narrative of postwar history. It seeks to construct legitimacy for the South Korean state by staging ethnic patriotic nationalism against others from inside as well as outside.
The history of the Yshkan tells of Japans modern history. It was first built in 1882 in order to honor soldiers who fell in combat at the time of the restoration that inaugurated the Meiji imperial state. It was expanded in 1908 to accommodate the increased collections after the Sino-Japanese War and the Russo-Japanese War and rebuilt in 1932 after the Great Kanto Earthquake.
With Japans surrender in 1945, the museum was closed. Restored in 1986, it was reopened after renovation in 2002 with a new exhibition hall. Sharing much in common with war museums of other former imperial powers, the Yshkan is notable for its association with the symbolism of emperor, war, nation and empire.
The Yasukuni shrine where the museum is located is notable for its close ties to the emperor and its links to modern Japanese warfare. Built in 1869 on the order of the emperor Meiji, it enshrines as deities over 2.4 million Japanese military dead from 1853 to 1945, the vast majority of whom died in the final year of the Pacific War.
It also includes Koreans and Taiwanese who fought and died with the imperial army as well as Okinawans, not just soldiers but also youths such as nurses and the male corps that were called up in the final days of the war. In return for sacrificing their lives for the emperor and the nation, the shrine rewarded them by elevating them as deities, hence objects of worship by the nation. In short, Yasukuni shrine glorifies self-sacrificial death while celebrating the imperial legacy.
The authority of the shrine in fact depends on the practice of visiting, in which the living and the dead constitute a mirror image of the circle of decay and renewal, death and rebirth and bequeath and inheritance. One of the most special rites was attended by the emperor (in the person of his emissary) with offerings to the deities which in turn would bestow their blessings upon the emperor and the whole nation.
Although under the US occupation the shrine was formally separated from the state and made a private religious institution, the Showa emperor continued to visit, and his emissary participated in major rites each year.
In addition, Prime Ministers, cabinet members and diety members regularly visited the shrine, in most cases in a private capacity. When Prime Minister Nakasone Yasuhiro visited in his formal capacity in 1985, a storm of controversy led to an end of the practice until 2001, when Koizumi Junichir made the first of five successive official visits.
The visits both divided the Japanese polity and sparked criticism in China, Korea and other Asian nations, given the shrines association with the wartime ideology of emperor-centered nationalism. Within this context, after several years of renovation, the Yshkan was reopened in 1985 and again, with new exhibits in 2002, its mission to renew a sense of pride in being Japanese by displaying the nations glorious war history.
Like Yasukuni, the Yshkan poses political questions that reverberate beyond Japans borders. The reopening of Yshkan is emblematic of the rise of Japanese neonationalism which celebrates the nations military past. In the 1990s neo nationalists launched a campaign to rewrite a new history that neither imposes victim complex on Japan nor assigns all blame for the catastrophic wars on the Japanese military state.
Strongly opposed to any apology or compensation for Japanese war atrocities, they claimed that affirmation of wartime Japan is the path toward full realization of Japanese identity, which was forcefully suppressed and abandoned under U.S. hegemony.
The revival of the Yshkan is one important attempt to connect the present to the imperial past, a link that they believe has been undermined by the peace culture.
With the collapse of the Japanese empire, for instance, the broadly accepted idea of the prewar period that Japanese and Koreans shared a common ancestor was transformed into the belief that Japanese and Koreans were fundamentally different in their culture and ethnicity. In postwar Japan, Koreans and Taiwanese living in Japan, including veterans of the Japanese army, would be deprived of Japanese citizenship.
This presents Japans unavoidable yet heroic actions to achieve pan-Asian peace in the face of the encroachment of Western powers, including the Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, the invasion of China and the Asia Pacific War. In this narrative, the annexation of Korea is presented as liberation from China. When the war ended the people of Asia returned to their homes.
Those whose desire for independence had been awakened were no longer the obedient servants of their Western colonizers One after another the nations of Southeast Asia won their Independence and their success inspired Africa and other areas as well.
The Anglo Saxon/European named for being descendents of German people who settled in Britain in the fifth and sixth centuries A.D. after the withdrawal of the Roman armies.
They came from the coasts of Holland, Germany and Denmark. Germans considered themselves the highest bred form of Caucasian.
The term Aryan derived from the battlefield that led to endless, countless killings of Native American, African American, Asian and other Europeans.
Africa, the second largest continent is joined to Asia by the Isthmus of Suez and is 80 miles wide.
The continent is about 5,000 miles long from its northern extremity to its southern cape. Africa for the greater is a plateau bordered in most cases by high rims which form a barrier between the coast and interior.
Africa is home to many different societies and nation states, all of which have their own customs, traditions, languages, religions and political and economic structures. Somalia: a place with no health care agencies, and first responders and law has ceased to exist a long time ago is dealing with another threat, an outbreak far greater than terrorism and environmental disasters combined.
International Ships sailing more than 400 nautical miles from Somali waters are hijacked for ransom. The most affected by the piracy is the Somali people.
For Somalis, getting basic necessities such as food and medicine are becoming harder by the day. They are paying food prices 10 times higher than other places because insurance and security.
The pirates are making it virtually impossible for ships to dock Somali ports without a navy escort which Somalia does not have.
After the tragic deaths of 18 U.S. soldiers on October 3, 1993, President Clinton pulled all American troops by March, 1994. A year later, all U.N. personnel were evacuated out of Somalia.
As fighting between the clans increased and atrocities against civilians became more violent, virtually all relief agencies pulled their workers out of the country. Somalia continued on a spiral descent until July 2000 when a conference held in Djibouti eventually led to a transitional civilian government comprised of a 245-member "national assembly" and co-chaired by a president and prime minister.
Today, the "transitional" government still exists and the political and social situation in Somalia remains fragile. Somalia is now currently seeking U.S. government aid and intervention. the U.S. is interested in locating and destroying various al Qaeda cells that reportedly use Somalia as a sanctuary.
Most believe in the spirit of their ancestors, and for the most part still respect with reverence their elders in the communities. I believe in respect for my ancestors as well.
We have gotten way off track from what we need to be teaching our children, which are just the basic traditions of life that our elders taught us. UMOJA= Unity
If we have not conquered yet, then maybe we need to start living better, communicating better, become a clan for socialism and togetherness. United we stand, not fall. United were strong. Individualism is fine for outsiders, but we need not separate any longer.
That was/is the goal of a race long ago, to keep us from empowering ourselves because they still dont know too much about us. Curiosity killed the cat. We are rising to the top.
We are definitely being mimicked and thats okay. At least were not being mocked anymore.
Native Americans were the first original settlers. Approximately 145,000 Native American Indians roamed the lands from Pennsylvania to California and all through the mid west.
The decline of the Native American Indians came about as new settlers from Europe, Asia, Spain, and Africa arrived migrating to suit each colony or tribes adaptivness.
Today many Native American Indians actually live miles and miles from their original homelands or actual birth Place, as they were either killed off or had to leave.
It is said, that in 1465, Christopher Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. It is there we believe that Asians from all descents were possibly enslaved or bought to sail the many ships that sailed the seas.
And many continuous drops to foreign lands are how they came to the U.S. When Columbus came to the United States it is believed he thought he was in the West Indies and that is how it is the name Indian came about.
It was a name given to the first inhabitants of the world we live in now.
These Indians spoke different languages and migrated from North America and beyond all the way to South and Central America.
The onslaught of murder and disease brought on by the European colonies is what began the ever so radical decline and takeover of what is now considered North America.
Most Indians have been relocated of their land to designated reservations assigned by your local government or simply eradicated.
The general policy for government programs for remaining Indians were mainly aimed at introducing the Indians back into U.S. mainstream. Only those, that fit the criteria. Many tribes were not allowed to practice their customs or speak their Native tongue.
The Bureau of Indian Affairs banned religious ceremonies. Certain tribes obtained citizen ship through treaties and others through the Dawes Act and its amendments.
The Dawes Act was enacted on February 8, 1887 regarding the distribution of land to Native Americans in Oklahoma. Named after its sponsor, U.S. Senator Henry L. Dawes of Massachusetts, the act was amended in 1891 and again in 1906 by the Burke Act. The act remained in effect until 1934.
Section one authorizes the President to survey Native American tribal areas and division of the arable land into sections for the individual.
It says that a Native American family may receive 160acres (0.65km2) if they are to farm, 80acres (320,000m2) if they are to raise cattle and 40acres (160,000m2) for any normal living purposes.
Section Two states that each Native American will choose his or her own allotment and the family will choose for each minor child. The Native American agent will choose for orphan children.
Section Three requires the U.S. American agent to certify each allotment and provide two copies of the certification to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs one to be kept in the Indian Office and the other to be transmitted to the United States Department of the Interior (Secretary of the Interior) for his action, and to be sent to the General Land Office.
Section Four provides that Native Americans not residing on their reservation and Native Americans without reservations will receive the equal allotment.
Section Five provides that a Secretary of the Interior will hold the allotments "in trust" for 25 years. At that time, the title will belong to the allotment holder or heirs.
It also allows the Secretary to negotiate under existing treaties for the land not allotted to be purchased on "terms and conditions as shall be considered just and equitable between the United States and said tribe of Indians."
Section Six states that upon completion of the land patent process, the allotment holder will become a United States citizen and "be entitled to all the rights, privileges, and immunities of such citizens".
Section Seven addresses water rights on irrigated land.
Section Eight exempts the Five Civilized Tribes and several others from the act.
Section Nine appropriates the funds to carry out the act.
Section Ten asserts the Power of Eminent Domain of the Congress over the allotments.
Section Eleven contains a provision for the Southern Ute Native Americans that they could move from their present reservation in Southwestern Colorado to a new reservation if a majority of the adult male members wanted so.
In 1924, Congress passed the Indian Citizen Act, also known as the Snyder Act, was proposed by Representative Homer P. Snyder of New York and granted full U.S. citizenship to America's indigenous peoples, called "Indians" in this Act.
The Fourteenth Amendment guarantees citizenship to persons born in the U.S., but only if "subject to the jurisdiction thereof"; this latter clause excludes certain indigenous.
The act was signed into law by President Calvin Coolidge on June 2.
Wow! Imagine that!!
In 1934 Congress passed the Indian Reorganization Act. This legislation restored tribal ownership of unallotted reservation lands and prohibited further allotments.
The legislation provided for limited self governing through tribal councils elected by adults to direct many of the tribes activities and deals with the local state and federal government.
The Indian Reorganization Act of June 18, 1934, also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or informally, the Indian New Deal, was a U.S. federal legislation which secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives.
These include a reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis.
The Act also restored to Native Americans the management of their assets (being mainly land) and included provisions intended to create a sound economic foundation for the inhabitants of Indian reservations.
Section 18 of the IRA conditions application of the IRA on a majority vote of the affected Indian nation or tribe within one year of the effective date of the act (25 U.S.C. 478).
The IRA was perhaps the most significant initiative of John Collier Sr., Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1933 to 1945.
The act did not require tribes to adopt a constitution. However, if the tribe chose to do so, the constitution had to:
1. allow the tribal council to employ legal counsel;
2. Prohibit the tribal council from engaging any land transitions without majority approval of the tribe; and, authorize the tribal council to negotiate with the Federal, State, and local governments.
Evidently, some of these restrictions were eliminated by the Native American Technical Corrections Act of 2003.
The act slowed the practice of assigning tribal lands to individual tribal members and reduced the loss, through the practice of checkerboard land sales to non-members with in tribal areas, of native holdings.
Owing to this Act and to other actions of federal courts and the government, over two million acres (8,000km) of land were returned to various tribes in the first 20 years after passage of the act.
In 1954, the United States Department of Interior began implementing the termination and relocation phases of the Act. Among other effects, termination resulted in the legal dismantling of 61 tribal nations within the United States.
The Supreme Court has been asked repeatedly to address the constitutionality of the IRA by a number of states and will hear a land-into-trust case in November 2008.
In1995, the Eighth Circuit declared the IRA unconstitutional. The U.S. Department of the Interior sought U.S. Supreme Court review.
The DOI then implemented new regulations and asked the U.S. Supreme Court to remand it to the lower courts to reconsider their decision based on the new regulations.
The U.S. Supreme Court Granted the petition vacated the lower court's ruling and remanded the case back to the lower court.
Justices Scalia, O'Connor and Thomas dissented and stated in their opinion that "the decision today--to grant, vacate, and remand in light of the Government's changed position--is both unprecedented and inexplicable." and "what makes today's action inexplicable as well as unprecedented is the fact that the Government's change of legal position does not even purport to be applicable to the present case."
The dissent has no precedential value bearing on the actual legal issues. Seven months after the Supreme Court's decision to grant, vacate, and remand, the DOI removed the land from trust.
In 1997 the Tribe submitted an amended application to the Secretary, requesting that the United States take the land into trust on the Tribe's behalf. The Eighth Circuit reexamined the constitutionality issue and affirmed the IRA's constitutionality.
Currently, Carcieri v Kempthorne is before the U.S. Supreme Court. Rhode Island officials sued on grounds that the IRA is unconstitutional, but the Supreme Court declined to review this particular question.
The Respondents' briefs are currently due by August 11, 2008, and oral arguments have not been scheduled.
In Michigan GO v Kempthorne, Judge Janice Rogers Brown of the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals authored a dissent that struck down key provisions of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.
Of the three circuit courts to address the IRA's constitutionality, Judge Brown is the only judge to opine that the land-into-trust process violates the U.S. Constitution.
The First, Eighth and Tenth Circuits of the U.S. Court of Appeals have upheld its constitutionality.
Most recently, in a challenge to the U.S. Department of Interior's decision to take land into trust for the Oneida Indian Nation, Upstate Citizens for Equality, New York State, Oneida County, Madison County, the town of Verona, the town of Vernon, and others argue that the IRA is unconstitutional.
In 1944 Indian leaders founded the National Congress of American Indians which became the most important national all Indian organization in the United States.
The National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) is a Native American organization based in the United States. It was founded in 1944 and its headquarters are in Washington, D.C..
The organization, which has 250 member tribes, monitors U.S. federal policy as it applies to Native Americans, and informs the public and Congress about these issues.
As stated on its official website, its goals are as follows:
Protection of programs and services to benefit Indian families, specifically targeting Indian Youth and elders.
Promotion and support of Indian education, including Head Start, elementary, post-secondary and Adult Education.
Enhancement of Indian health care, including prevention of juvenile substance abuse, HIV-AIDS prevention and other major diseases.
Support of environmental protection and natural resources management.
Protection of Indian cultural resources and religious freedom rights.
Promotion of the Rights of Indian economic opportunity both on and off reservations, including securing programs to provide incentives for economic development and the attraction of private capital to Indian Country.
Protection of the Rights of all Indian people to decent, safe and affordable housing.
The National Congress of American Indians was first established in 1944 "as a national pan-Indian organization that campaigned fervently and, on the whole, successfully against the termination policy."
The first convention in 1944 included Indian delegates from twenty seven states and representatives of more than fifty tribes and associations.
In about a year's time members the NCAI accounted for nearly all U.S. tribes.
Prominent tribal leaders were always part of the NCAI; they acknowledged the danger that termination created for Indians' legal rights and cultural identity and worked to uphold the well-being and identities of the Indian community on a national scale.
The assassination of President John F. Kennedy in November of 1963 greatly affected the NCAI. Strong factionalism between 1962 and 1963 had just about obliterated the organization; Kennedys death also killed any "NCAI leaders' hopes for an 'Indian Camelot'" as well.
The NCAI desperately sought new leadership and management; the selection of Vine Deloria, Jr. as executive director in 1964 brought about a modern and fresh era for the NCAI.
The appointment of Deloria as executive direction did not mean that the NCAI would face no problems and run seamlessly, however. By 1964 there were no major legislative battles, such as the first termination laws, for which NCAI could rally its members.
Although the termination policy did not officially come to an end until 1972, the NCAI was already experiencing heavy criticism and fading support by the late 1950s and 1960s.
National Indian Youth Council, and others in the early 1960s helped the Native American self-determination cause but not the stability of the NCAI. Soon the NCAI lost its unique position as the sole voice of the Indian people in Washington.
During War World ll (1939- 1945), about 25,000 Native Americans served in the military and over 50,000 worked in the war industries. In the 1960s and 70s some Indians began seeking social and economic justice.
In 1968, the American Indian Movement was formed (AIM). There the focal point was to demand review of the U.S. Treaty violations and the establishment of improved education and economics.
The American Indian Movement (AIM) is an Indian activist organization in the United States.
AIM burst onto the international scene with its seizure of the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters in Washington, D.C., in 1972 and the 1973 standoff at Wounded Knee, South Dakota, on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.
AIM was cofounded in 1968 by Dennis Banks, George Mitchell, Herb Powless, Clyde Bellecourt, Eddie Benton-Banai, and many others in the Native American community, almost 200 total. Russell Means was another early leader.
In the decades since AIM's founding, the group has led protests advocating Indigenous American interests, inspired cultural renewal, monitored police activities and coordinated employment programs in cities and in rural reservation communities across the United States.
AIM has often supported other indigenous interests outside the United States as well.
Introduction to Black History Month
July 9th. 2011
Black History Month was originated in 1926 by Carter Godwin Woodson as Negro History Week. The month of February was selected in deference to Frederick Douglass and Abraham Lincoln who were both born in that month.
In celebration of Black History Month the history and achievements of African Americans from all walks of life are discussed along with a surprising amount of unfamiliar names.
Black History Month Stories are available online year round and are not limited to February or Black History Month. Oh and by the way.
Why is it every time I ask someone what the significance is between Juneteenth and Black history, Guess the number one reply. Uhmm! We have a picnic every year to celebrate black history month. NOT!!!!!!!
Juneteenth is the celebration of the proclamation of freedom received on or about June 19th1865. That date would vary from state to state depending on the announcement of The Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. However it is still celebrated around the United States in the month of June.
Most Blacks received minimal education during the civil war and slavery era. In fact, many laws were passed to prevent slave literacy thus hindering access to learning materials and seeking a good education and/or training.
For the most part, blacks were shut out of professional occupations and confined to working in industries deemed acceptable for them, such as domestic services, some manual trades, and agriculture.
Because blacks lacked educational and vocational opportunities, few had the necessary skills or experience to develop their inventive ideas or patent them.
to the limited education and training that was made available by a few select concerned citizens, enabled a few select Blacks to obtain an education and through their life's works have made significant contributions to American life.
Such as a number of successful black inventors whose inventions proved useful and important.
Unlike black slaves, free blacks prior to the Civil War were entitled to receive patents for their inventions. Some slaves, who were skilled craftsmen, did create devices or techniques that benefited their masters' enterprises.
According to a decision by the federal government in 1858, though, neither the slave nor the slave owner could claim ownership rights to such an invention.
In 1870, following the Civil War, the U.S. patent laws were revised so that anyone, regardless of race, could hold a patent. Consequently the number of patents issued to African Americans soared.
And then, so came our newer frontier leaders: There are so many Inventors, Scientists and Scholars and now leading Politicians. Men and women that are of African American descent that have become legendary for their intellect and ingenuity. Definitely, too many to list.)
I just want to send a congratulatory accommodation to each and every one of you, past and present.
Please dont forget about our many, many men and women that are oversees in our favor to protect what our ancestors have done so diligently and that is to protect our future.
As I stated above, there are too many too list. Here are the achievements of a selection of pioneering black leaders are listed below.
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin. He was an African American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the American civil rights movement. His main legacy was to secure progress on civil rights in the United States and he is frequently referenced as a human rights icon today.
A Baptist minister, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president.
King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his I Have a Dream speech. There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S. history.
In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and opposing the Vietnam War, both from a religious perspective.
His grandfather began the family's long tenure as pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, serving from 1914 to 1931; his father has served from then until the present, and from 1960 until his death Martin Luther acted as co-pastor.
Martin Luther attended segregated public schools in Georgia, graduating from high school at the age of fifteen; he received the B. A. degree in 1948 from Morehouse College, a distinguished Negro institution of Atlanta from which both his father and grandfather had graduated.
After three years of theological study at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania where he was elected president of a predominantly white senior class, he was awarded the B.D. in 1951. With a fellowship won at Crozer, he enrolled in graduate studies at Boston University, completing his residence for the doctorate in 1953 and receiving the degree in 1955.
In Boston he met and married Coretta Scott, a young woman of uncommon intellectual and artistic attainments. Two sons and two daughters were born into the family.
In 1954, Martin Luther King accepted the pastoral of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. Always a strong worker for civil rights for members of his race, King was, by this time, a member of the executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, the leading organization of its kind in the nation.
He was ready, then, early in December, 1955, to accept the leadership of the first great Negro nonviolent demonstration of contemporary times in the United States, the bus boycott described by Gunnar Jahn in his presentation speech in honor of the laureate.
The boycott lasted 382 days. On December 21, 1956, after the Supreme Court of the United States had declared unconstitutional the laws requiring segregation on buses, Negroes and whites rode the buses as equals.
During these days of boycott, King was arrested, his home was bombed, he was subjected to personal abuse, but at the same time he emerged as a Negro leader of the first rank.
In 1957 he was elected president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization formed to provide new leadership for the now burgeoning civil rights movement.
The ideals for this organization he took from Christianity. Its operational techniques from Gandhi.
In the eleven-year period between 1957 and 1968, King traveled over six million miles and spoke over twenty-five hundred times, appearing wherever there was injustice, protest, and action and meanwhile he wrote five books as well as numerous articles.
In these years, he led a massive protest in Birmingham, Alabama, that caught the attention of the entire world, providing what he called a coalition of conscience and inspiring his "Letter from a Birmingham Jail", a manifesto of the Negro revolution. He planned the drives in Alabama for the registration of Negroes as voters.
King directed the peaceful march on Washington, D.C., of 250,000 people to whom he delivered his address, "l Have a Dream", he conferred with President John F. Kennedy and campaigned for President Lyndon B. Johnson; he was arrested upwards of twenty times and assaulted at least four times; he was awarded five honorary degrees; was named Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963 and became not only the symbolic leader of American blacks but also a world figure.
At the age of thirty-five, Martin Luther King, Jr., was the youngest man to have received the Nobel Peace Prize. When notified of his selection, he announced that he would turn over the prize money of $54,123 to the furtherance of the civil rights movement.
King was assassinated on April 4, 1968 while standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee where he was to lead a protest march in sympathy with striking garbage workers of that city.
He was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977 and Congressional Gold Medal in 2004; Martin Luther King, Jr. Day was established as a U.S. national holiday in 1986.
Malcolm X (born Malcolm Little; May 19, 1925 February 21, 1965), also known as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, was an African American Muslim minister, public speaker, and human rights activist.
To his admirers, he was a courageous advocate for the rights of African Americans, a man who indicted white America in the harshest terms for its crimes against black Americans.
His detractors accused him of preaching racism and violence. He has been described as one of the greatest and most influential African Americans in history.
Malcolm X was born in Omaha, Nebraska. By the time he was 13, his father had died and his mother had been committed to a mental hospital. After living in a series of foster homes, Malcolm X became involved in the criminal underworld in Boston and New York. In 1945, Malcolm X was sentenced to eight to ten years in prison.
While in prison, Malcolm X became a member of the Nation of Islam. After his parole in 1952, he became one of the Nation's leaders and chief spokesmen.
For nearly a dozen years, he was the public face of the Nation of Islam. Tension between Malcolm X and Elijah Muhammad, head of the Nation of Islam, led to his departure from the organization in March 1964.
After leaving the Nation of Islam, Malcolm X made the pilgrimage, the Hajj, to Mecca and became a Sunni Muslim. He traveled extensively throughout Africa and the Middle East. He founded Muslim Mosque, Inc., a religious organization, and the secular, Black Nationalist Organization of Afro-American Unity.
.
Rosa Parks was born Rosa Louise McCauley (February 4, 1913 October 24, 2005) in Tuskegee, Alabama to James McCauleyer and Leona McCauley.
Her mother, a teacher, moved to her parents' farm in Pine Level, Alabama with Rosa and younger brother, Sylvester. At the age of 11 she was enrolled in a private school. The Montgomery Industrial School for Girls.
She received a Congressional Gold Medal in 1999.On December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, the day when an unknown seamstress in Montgomery, Alabama refused to obey bus driver James Blake's order that she give up her seat to make room for a white passenger.
And now our infamous and intellectual Barack Obama and his beautiful wife Michelle:
Barack selected long-time and well-respected U.S. Senator Joe Biden as his running mate.
Famous For: Candidate for Democratic Party's 2008 presidential nomination.
Today is January 20th, 2009. It is written and witnessed around the world.
We have made history today people. We will grow stronger.
Everyone is born equal, made equal and we shall be equal.
Rev. Joseph Lowery' ended his benediction with a rhyme.
"We ask you to help us work for that day when black will not
be asked to get in back, when brown can stick around..."
When yellow will be mellow, when the red man can get ahead,
Man; and when white will embrace what is right.
That all those who do justice and love mercy say Amen."
President Obama - We Salute You and We Support You!!!!!!
President of the United States.
Copyright 2006 BAY AREA COWBOYS AND COWGIRLS.COM your new PAI-PA BOY All rights reserved Web Hosting by Turbify
BAY AREA COWBOYS AND COWGIRLS.COM your new Pai-Pa Boy
402 Banning Way
Vallejo, CA 94591
United States
bayareac